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Znaczenie prenatalnego okresu życia dla rozwoju tożsamości płciowej

2022

Płeć możemy różnicować na podstawie płci genetycznej, gonadalnej, genitalnej i hormonalnej, odmiennych zachowań kobiety i mężczyzny, różnic w budowie ciała oraz narządów płciowych, tego, czy dany osobnik czuje się kobietą czy mężczyzną. Niniejszy artykuł jest jedynie próbą spojrzenia na płeć ludzką z kilku perspektyw. Próbą pokazania kształtowania się płci oraz czynników, które mogą zaburzyć ten proces.

genital and hormonal human sexualitygenitalna i hormonalnapsychological and social gendergenetic sexgenetycznaprenatalny okres życia człowiekaprenatal period of human lifepsychiczna i społecznagonadal sextożsamość płciowasomatic sexgender identitypłeć somatycznagonadalnaAteneum Kapłańskie

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PEPhysical Sciences and Engineering
- PE2Fundamental Constituents of Matter
  - PE2_1Theory of fundamental interactions
  - PE2_2 Phenomenology of fundamental interactions
  - PE2_3Experimental particle physics with accelerators
  - PE2_4Experimental particle physics without accelerators
  - PE2_6Nuclear, hadron and heavy ion physics
  - PE2_8Gas and plasma physics
  - PE2_5Classical and quantum physics of gravitational interactions
  - PE2_7Nuclear and particle astrophysics
  - PE2_9 Electromagnetism
  - PE2_10Atomic, molecular physics
  - PE2_11Ultra-cold atoms and molecules
  - PE2_18Equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics: steady states and dynamics
  - PE2_14Lasers, ultra-short lasers and laser physics
  - PE2_17Metrology and measurement
  - PE2_16Non-linear physics
  - PE2_12Optics, non-linear optics and nano-optics
  - PE2_13Quantum optics and quantum information
  - PE2_15Thermodynamics
- PE1Mathematics
  - PE1_1Logic and foundations
  - PE1_6Geometry and global analysis
  - PE1_8Analysis
  - PE1_7Topology
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  - PE1_10ODE and dynamical systems
  - PE1_12Mathematical physics
  - PE1_11Theoretical aspects of partial differential equations
  - PE1_13Probability
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  - PE1_15Generic statistical methodology and modelling
  - PE1_4 Algebraic and complex geometry
  - PE1_19Scientific computing and data processing
  - PE1_2Algebra
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  - PE1_21Application of mathematics in sciences
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  - PE1_5Lie groups, Lie algebras
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  - PE1_17Mathematical aspects of computer science
  - PE1_3Number theory
- PE3Condensed Matter Physics
  - PE3_1Structure of solids, material growth and characterisation
  - PE3_2Mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed matter, lattice dynamics
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  - PE4_1Physical chemistry
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  - PE6_6Algorithms and complexity, distributed, parallel and network algorithms, algorithmic game theory
  - PE6_4Theoretical computer science, formal methods, automata
  - PE6_8Computer graphics, computer vision, multimedia, computer games
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  - PE7_1Control engineering
  - PE7_2Electrical engineering: power components and/or systems
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  - PE7_9Man-machine interfaces
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  - PE7_3Simulation engineering and modelling
  - PE7_10Robotics
  - PE7_4(Micro- and nano-) systems engineering
  - PE7_12Electrical energy production, distribution, applications
  - PE7_11Components and systems for applications (in e.g. medicine, biology, environment)
- PE8Products and Processes Engineering
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  - PE8_5Fluid mechanics
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- PE9Universe Sciences
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  - PE9_7The Milky Way
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  - PE9_13Astronomical instrumentation and data, e.g. telescopes, detectors, techniques, archives, analyses
- PE10Earth System Science
  - PE10_2Meteorology, atmospheric physics and dynamics
  - PE10_7Physics of earth’s interior, seismology, geodynamics
  - PE10_9Biogeochemistry, biogeochemical cycles, environmental chemistry
  - PE10_8Oceanography (physical, chemical, biological, geological)
  - PE10_1Atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric composition, air pollution
  - PE10_4Terrestrial ecology, land cover change
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  - PE10_10Mineralogy, petrology, igneous petrology, metamorphic petrology
  - PE10_3Climatology and climate change
  - PE10_16Ozone, upper atmosphere, ionosphere
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  - PE10_18Cryosphere, dynamics of snow and ice cover, sea ice, permafrosts and ice sheets
  - PE10_20Geohazards
  - PE10_19Planetary geology and geophysics
  - PE10_21Earth system modelling and interactions
  - PE10_14Earth observations from space/remote sensing
  - PE10_11Geochemistry, cosmochemistry, crystal chemistry, isotope geochemistry, thermodynamics
  - PE10_13Physical geography, geomorphology
  - PE10_12Sedimentology, soil science, palaeontology, earth evolution
- PE11Materials Engineering
  - PE11_2Engineering of metals and alloys
  - PE11_1Engineering of biomaterials, biomimetic, bioinspired and bio-enabled materials
  - PE11_3Engineering of ceramics and glasses
  - PE11_4Engineering of polymers and plastics
  - PE11_5Engineering of composites and hybrid materials
  - PE11_6Engineering of carbon materials
  - PE11_7Engineering of metal oxides
  - PE11_8Engineering of alternative established or emergent materials
  - PE11_9Nanomaterials engineering, e.g. nanoparticles, nanoporous materials, 1D & 2D nanomaterials
  - PE11_10Soft materials engineering, e.g. gels, foams, colloids
  - PE11_11Porous materials engineering, e.g. covalent-organic, metal-organic, porous aromatic frameworks
  - PE11_12Semi-conducting and magnetic materials engineering
  - PE11_13Metamaterials engineering
  - PE11_14Computational methods for materials engineering
LSLife Sciences
- LS1Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions
  - LS1_2Biochemistry
  - LS1_1Macromolecular complexes including interactions involving nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates
  - LS1_3DNA and RNA biology
  - LS1_4Protein biology
  - LS1_5Lipid biology
  - LS1_6Glycobiology
  - LS1_11Chemical biology
  - LS1_12Protein design
  - LS1_13Early translational research and drug design
  - LS1_14Innovative methods and modelling in molecular, structural and synthetic biology
  - LS1_10Synthetic biology
  - LS1_8Structural biology
  - LS1_9Molecular mechanisms of signalling processes
  - LS1_7Molecular biophysics, biomechanics, bioenergetics
- LS2Integrative Biology: from Genes and Genomes to Systems
  - LS2_1Genetics
  - LS2_3Epigenetics
  - LS2_2Gene editing
  - LS2_4Gene regulation
  - LS2_5Genomics
  - LS2_6Metagenomics
  - LS2_7Transcriptomics
  - LS2_8Proteomics
  - LS2_9Metabolomics
  - LS2_10Glycomics/Lipidomics
  - LS2_11Bioinformatics and computational biology
  - LS2_12Biostatistics
  - LS2_14Genetic diseases
  - LS2_16Innovative methods and modelling in integrative biology
  - LS2_13Systems biology
  - LS2_15Integrative biology for personalised medicine
- LS4Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing
  - LS4_1Organ and tissue physiology and pathophysiology
  - LS4_4Endocrinology
  - LS4_3Physiology of ageing
  - LS4_2Comparative physiology
  - LS4_5Non-hormonal mechanisms of inter-organ and tissue communication
  - LS4_6Microbiome and host physiology
  - LS4_7Nutrition and exercise physiology
  - LS4_8Impact of stress (including environmental stress) on physiology
  - LS4_9Metabolism and metabolic disorders, including diabetes and obesity
  - LS4_10The cardiovascular system and cardiovascular diseases
  - LS4_11Haematopoiesis and blood diseases
  - LS4_12Cancer
  - LS4_13Other non-communicable diseases (except disorders of the nervous system and immunity-related diseases)
- LS3Cell Biology, Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration
  - LS3_4Cell junctions, cell adhesion, the extracellular matrix, cell communication
  - LS3_5Cell signalling and signal transduction, exosome biology
  - LS3_6Organelle biology and trafficking
  - LS3_7Mechanobiology of cells, tissues and organs
  - LS3_8Embryogenesis, pattern formation, morphogenesis
  - LS3_9Cell differentiation, formation of tissues and organs
  - LS3_10Developmental genetics
  - LS3_11Evolution of developmental strategies
  - LS3_12Organoids
  - LS3_3Cell behaviour, including control of cell shape, cell migration
  - LS3_13Stem cells
  - LS3_14Regeneration
  - LS3_15Development of cell-based therapeutic approaches for tissue regeneration
  - LS3_17Theoretical modelling in cellular, developmental and regenerative biology
  - LS3_16Functional imaging of cells and tissues
  - LS3_1Cell cycle, cell division and growth
  - LS3_2Cell senescence, cell death, autophagy, cell ageing
- LS5Neuroscience and Disorders of the Nervous System
  - LS5_1Neuronal cells
  - LS5_3Neural development and related disorders
  - LS5_5Neural networks and plasticity
  - LS5_10Ageing of the nervous system
  - LS5_11Neurological and neurodegenerative disorders
  - LS5_12Mental disorders
  - LS5_7Sensory systems, sensation and perception, including pain
  - LS5_13Nervous system injuries and trauma, stroke
  - LS5_14Repair and regeneration of the nervous system
  - LS5_15Neuroimmunology, neuroinflammation
  - LS5_16Systems and computational neuroscience (e.g. modelling, simulation, brain oscillations, connectomics)
  - LS5_18Innovative methods and tools for neuroscience
  - LS5_17Imaging in neuroscience
  - LS5_9Neural basis of cognition (e.g. learning, memory, attention, emotions, speech)
  - LS5_6Neurovascular biology and blood-brain barrier
  - LS5_8Neural basis of behaviour (e.g. sleep, consciousness, addiction)
  - LS5_4Neural stem cells
  - LS5_2Glial cells and neuronal-glial communication
- LS6Immunity, Infection and Immunotherapy
  - LS6_1Innate immunity
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  - LS6_5Biology of pathogens (e.g. bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi)
  - LS6_7Mechanisms of infection
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  - LS6_8Biological basis of prevention and treatment of infection
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- LS7Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases
  - LS7_2Medical technologies and tools (including genetic tools and biomarkers) for prevention, diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of diseases
  - LS7_1Medical imaging for prevention, diagnosis and monitoring of diseases
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  - LS7_4Regenerative medicine
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  - LS7_7Pharmacology and toxicology
  - LS7_8Effectiveness of interventions, including resistance to therapies
  - LS7_9Public health and epidemiology
  - LS7_12Health care, including care for the ageing population
  - LS7_14Digital medicine, e-medicine, medical applications of artificial intelligence
  - LS7_15Medical ethics
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- LS8Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution
  - LS8_2Biodiversity
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  - LS8_6Evolutionary ecology
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  - LS8_9Macroevolution and paleobiology
  - LS8_10Ecology and evolution of species interactions
  - LS8_12Microbial ecology and evolution
  - LS8_13Marine biology and ecology
  - LS8_14Ecophysiology, from organisms to ecosystems
  - LS8_15Theoretical developments and modelling in environmental biology, ecology, and evolution
- LS9Biotechnology and Biosystems Engineering
  - LS9_3Bioengineering of cells, tissues, organs and organisms
  - LS9_2Applied genetics, gene editing and transgenic organisms
  - LS9_4Microbial biotechnology and bioengineering
  - LS9_5Food biotechnology and bioengineering
  - LS9_6Marine biotechnology and bioengineering
  - LS9_7Environmental biotechnology and bioengineering
  - LS9_8Applied plant sciences, plant breeding, agroecology and soil biology
  - LS9_10Veterinary and applied animal sciences
  - LS9_9Plant pathology and pest resistance
  - LS9_11Biomass production and utilisation, biofuels
  - LS9_12Ecotoxicology, biohazards and biosafety
  - LS9_1Bioengineering for synthetic and chemical biology
SHSocial Sciences and Humanities
- SH2Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
  - SH2_1Political systems, governance
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  - SH2_9Digital approaches to political science and law
- SH1Individuals, Markets and Organisations
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  - SH1_7Accounting, asset prices, auditing
  - SH1_8Econometrics, game theory, decision theory
  - SH1_9Behavioural economics; experimental economics; neuro-economics
  - SH1_2International trade; international business; spatial economics
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  - SH1_3Development economics political economics
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  - SH1_4Finance; financial markets
  - SH1_16Quantitative economic history, economic systems, institutional economics
  - SH1_5Corporate finance; international finance
- SH3The Social World and Its Interactions
  - SH3_1Social structure, social mobility, social innovation
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  - SH3_5Social attitudes and beliefs
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  - SH3_6Social influence; power and group behaviour
- SH4The Human Mind and Its Complexity
  - SH4_1Cognitive basis of human development, developmental disorders; comparative cognition
  - SH4_2Personality and social cognition; emotion
  - SH4_3Clinical and health psychology
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  - SH4_5Attention, perception, action, consciousness
  - SH4_6Learning, memory; cognition in ageing
  - SH4_7Reasoning, decision-making; intelligence
  - SH4_8Language learning and processing (first and second languages)
  - SH4_11Pragmatics, sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, discourse analysis
  - SH4_9Theoretical linguistics; computational linguistics
  - SH4_10Language typology; historical linguistics
- SH6The Study of the Human Past
  - SH6_1Archaeological methods and theory, history of archaeology
  - SH6_2Prehistoric archaeology, archaeology of non-literate societies
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  - SH6_6Digital, computational, virtual and geospatial archaeologies
  - SH6_7Historiography, theory and methods of history, including the analysis of digital data
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  - SH6_11Global, transnational, and comparative history
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  - SH6_4Medieval and post-medieval archaeologies
- SH5Texts and Concepts
  - SH5_4Philology; text and image studies
  - SH5_1Classics, ancient literature
  - SH5_5Palaeography and codicology
  - SH5_3Book studies
  - SH5_6Philosophy of mind, philosophy of language
  - SH5_7Philosophy of science, epistemology, logic
  - SH5_8Metaphysics, philosophical anthropology; aesthetics
  - SH5_9Ethics and its applications; social philosophy
  - SH5_10History of philosophy
  - SH5_11Digital humanities; digital approaches to literary studies and philosophy
  - SH5_2Theory and history of literature, comparative literature
- SH7Human Mobility, Environment, and Space
  - SH7_2Migration
  - SH7_1Human, economic and social geography
  - SH7_3Population dynamics: households, family and fertility
  - SH7_5Sustainability sciences, environment and resources, ecosystem services
  - SH7_4Social aspects of health, ageing and society
  - SH7_6Environmental and climate change, societal impact and policy
  - SH7_7Cities; urban, regional and rural studies
  - SH7_8Land use and planning
  - SH7_10GIS, spatial analysis; digital geography
  - SH7_9Energy, transportation and mobility
- SH8Studies of Cultures and Arts
  - SH8_1Kinship; diversity and identities, gender, interethnic relations
  - SH8_2Religious studies, ritual; symbolic representation
  - SH8_3Cultural studies and theory, cultural identities and memories, cultural heritage
  - SH8_4Museums, exhibitions, conservation and restoration
  - SH8_5History of art and of architecture
  - SH8_6Architecture, design, craft, creative industries
  - SH8_7Music and musicology; history of music
  - SH8_8Visual and performing arts, screen, arts-based research
  - SH8_9Digital approaches to anthropology, cultural studies and art